Bill then discussed some of the current applications of the TFF technology – including enhancing the stability of Takeda Vaccine’s norovirus vaccine. “We laid out the premise that in the liquid form, or even the frozen form, that the antigen was losing activity… but in the paper we showed that through TFF this norovirus vaccine could be stabilised – we are up to several months at 40°C,” he enthused, an amazing achievement since most vaccines require cold chain storage and Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA COVID-19 vaccine required ultra-low refrigeration (-70°C or -80°C) to be distributed originally.